Del Estado a los actores sociales en la prevención del extremismo: una revisión de la literatura
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura reciente (2005-2020) sobre las políticas de prevención del extremismo implementadas en la Unión Europea. A partir de los trabajos publicados en la Web of Science, se propone una reflexión sobre los pilares en los que descansan las prácticas de prevención. Se utiliza la estructura de trabajo de la Red Europea RAN (sus áreas temáticas y grupos de trabajo) para organizar los resultados de la revisión. Se concluye que el paradigma preventivo descansa sobre el reclutamiento de actores sociales (del campo de la política social y de la sociedad civil organizada) y se presentan algunos desafíos y cegueras de este enfoque.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Urvio, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad opera bajo licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 Unported (CC BY-ND 3.0).
Los autores/as que publiquen en Urvio aceptan estos términos:
Usted es libre de compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato para cualquier finalidad, incluso comercial. Por tanto, autores conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación (CC BY-ND 3.0), que permite a terceros la redistribución, comercial o no comercial, de lo publicado siempre y cuando el artículo circule sin cambios.
Existen las siguientes condiciones para los autores:
Reconocimiento — Debe reconocer la autoría, proporcionar un enlace a la licencia e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo de cualquier manera razonable, pero no de una manera que sugiera que tiene el apoyo del licenciador o lo recibe por el uso que hace.
Sin Obra Derivada — Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, no puede difundir el material modificado.
Para más detalles, visitar la página de Creative Commons (CC).
Citas
Abbas, Tahir. 2019. “Implementing “Prevent” in Countering Violent Extremism in the UK: A Left-Realist Critique”. Critical Social Policy 39 (3): 396–412. doi.org/10.1177/0261018318819001
Aiello, Emilia, Lídia Puigvert and Tinka Schubert. 2018. “Preventing Violent Radicalization of Youth through Dialogic Evidence-Based Policies”. International Sociology 33 (4): 435–53. doi.org/10.1177/0268580918775882
Ali, Nadya. 2020. “Seeing and Unseeing Prevent’s Racialized Borders”. Security Dialogue, June: 096701062090323. doi.org/10.1177/0967010620903238
Alonso, Rogelio. 2017. “Victims of ETA’s Terrorism as an Interest Group: Evolution, Influence, and Impact on the Political Agenda of Spain”. Terrorism and Political Violence 29 (6): 985–1005. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1096783
Augestad Knudsen, Rita. 2020. “Between Vulnerability and Risk? Mental Health in UK Counter-Terrorism”. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, January: 1-19. doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2019.1703782
Baaken, Till, Judy Korn, Maximilian Ruf and Dennis Walkenhorst. 2020. “Dissecting Deradicalization: Challenges for Theory and Practice in Germany”. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), September: 1-18. doi.org/10.4119/IJCV-3808
Bilazarian, Talene. 2020. “Countering Violent Extremist Narratives Online: Lessons From Offline Countering Violent Extremism”. Policy & Internet 12 (1): 46-65. doi.org/10.1002/poi3.204.
Bjørgo, Tore. 2016. “Counter-Terrorism as Crime Prevention: A Holistic Approach”. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 8 (1): 25-44. doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2015.1108352
Bove, Vincenzo, and Tobias Böhmelt. 2020. “Imprisonment and Terrorism”. Terrorism and Political Violence, July: 1-12. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1768078
Braddock, Kurt, and John Horgan. 2016. “Towards a Guide for Constructing and Disseminating Counternarratives to Reduce Support for Terrorism”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 39 (5): 381-404. doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1116277
Braddock, Kurt, and John F. Morrison. 2020. “Cultivating Trust and Perceptions of Source Credibility in Online Counternarratives Intended to Reduce Support for Terrorism”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 43 (6): 468-492. doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1452728
Bryan, Hazel. 2017. “Developing the Political Citizen: How Teachers Are Navigating the Statutory Demands of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 205 and the Prevent Duty”. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 12 (3): 213-226. doi.org/10.1177/1746197917717841
Busher, Joel, Tufyal Choudhury, and Paul Thomas. 2019. “The Enactment of the Counter-Terrorism “Prevent Duty” in British Schools and Colleges: Beyond Reluctant Accommodation or Straightforward Policy Acceptance”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 12 (3): 440-462. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2019.1568853
Butler, Michelle. 2020. “Using Specialised Prison Units to Manage Violent Extremists: Lessons from Northern Ireland”. Terrorism and Political Violence 32 (3): 539-557. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1388791
Chivers, Claire. 2018. “What Is the Headspace They Are in When They Are Making Those Referrals? Exploring the Lifeworlds and Experiences of Health and Social Care Practitioners Undertaking Risk Work within the Prevent Strategy”. Health, Risk & Society 20 (1–2): 81-103. doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2018.143712
Choudhury, Tufyal. 2017. “Campaigning on Campus: Student Islamic Societies and Counterterrorism”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 40 (12): 1004–1022. doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.125398
Christodoulou, Eleni A. 2020. ‘“Boosting Resilience” and “Safeguarding Youngsters at Risk”: Critically Examining the European Commission’s Educational Responses to Radicalization and Violent Extremism”. London Review of Education 18 (1): 18–34. doi.org/10.18546/LRE.18.1.02
Coppock, Vicki, and Mark McGovern. 2014. ‘“Dangerous Minds”? Deconstructing Counter-Terrorism Discourse, Radicalisation and the “Psychological Vulnerability” of Muslim Children and Young People in Britain”. Children & Society 28 (3): 242-256. doi.org/10.1111/chso.12060
Dresser, Paul. 2019. ‘“Trust Your Instincts – Act!” PREVENT Police Officers’ Perspectives of Counter-Radicalisation Reporting Thresholds”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 12 (4): 605-628. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2019.1595344
Elshimi, Mohammed S. 2015. “De-Radicalisation Interventions as Technologies of the Self: A Foucauldian Analysis”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 8 (1): 110-129. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2015.1005933
EU Council. 2020. “EU Counter-Terrorism Agenda”, https://acortar.link/qRfbYz
Fernández de Mosteyrín, Laura, and Pedro Limón. 2017. “Paradigmas y Políticas de Seguridad: una aproximación al Plan Estratégico Nacional de Lucha contra la Radicalización Violenta PEN-LCRV 2015”. Política y Sociedad 54 (3): 805-827.
Frischlich, Lena, Diana Rieger, Anna Morten, and Gary Bente. 2019. “The Power of a Good Story: Narrative Persuasion in Extremist Propaganda and Videos against Violent Extremism”. Application/pdf. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), March, a644. doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/IJCV.644
Gielen, Amy-Jane. 2018. “Exit Programmes for Female Jihadists: A Proposal for Conducting Realistic Evaluation of the Dutch Approach”. International Sociology 33 (4): 454-472. doi.org/10.1177/0268580918775586
Glazzard, Andrew, and Alastair Reed. 2020. “Beyond Prevention: The Role of Strategic Communications Across the Four Pillars of Counterterrorism Strategy”. The RUSI Journal 165 (1): 74-88. doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2020.1727165
Hall, Peter A. 1993. “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain”. Comparative Politics 25 (3): 275-296. doi.org/10.2307/422246
Hamid, Nafees. 2020. “‘The Ecology of Extremists’ Communications: Messaging Effectiveness, Social Environments and Individual Attributes”. The RUSI Journal 165 (1): 54-63. doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2020.1731248
Hardy, Keiran. 2020. “A Crime Prevention Framework for CVE”. Terrorism and Political Violence, February: 1-27. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1727450
Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. 2013. “Counter‐Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the “Radicalisation” Discourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy”. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15 (3): 394-415. doi.org/ttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00489.x
Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. 2017a. “Algorithmic Autoimmunity in the NHS: Radicalisation and the Clinic”. Security Dialogue 48 (1): 29-45. doi.org/10.1177/0967010616671642
Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. 2017b. “The Geography of Pre-Criminal Space: Epidemiological Imaginations of Radicalisation Risk in the UK Prevent Strategy, 2007–2017”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 10 (2): 297-319. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2017.1327141
Heath-Kelly, Charlotte, and Erzsébet Strausz. 2018. “The Banality of Counterterrorism “after, after 9/11”? Perspectives on the Prevent Duty from the UK Health Care Sector”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 12 (1): 89-109. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1494123
Hegemann, Hendrik, and Martin Kahl. 2018. “Security Governance and the Limits of Depoliticisation: EU Policies to Protect Critical Infrastructures and Prevent Radicalisation”. Journal of International Relations and Development 21 (3): 552-579. doi.org/10.1057/s41268-016-0078-5
Horgan, John, and Kurt Braddock. 2010. “Rehabilitating the Terrorists?: Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of De-Radicalization Programs”. Terrorism and Political Violence 22 (2): 267-291. doi.org/10.1080/09546551003594748
Johansen, Mette-Louise. 2020. “Epidemic Policing: The Spreading of Counter-Radicalization in Denmark”. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38 (3): 472-489. doi.org/10.1177/0263775819864119
Korn, Judy. 2016. “European CVE Strategies from a Practitioner’s Perspective”. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 668 (1): 180-197. doi.org/10.1177/0002716216671888
Kundnani, Arun, and Ben Hayes. 2018. “The Globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism Policies. Undermining Human Rights, Instrumentalising Civil Society”. Transnational Institute. https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-globalisation-of-countering-violent-extremism-policies
Lakhani, Suraj. 2020. “Social Capital and the Enactment of Prevent Duty: An Empirical Case-Study of Schools and Colleges”. Critical Studies on Terrorism, September: 1-20. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2020.1810989
Lynch, Orla, and Javier Argomaniz. 2017. “Victims of Terrorism and Political Violence: Identity, Needs, and Service Delivery in Northern Ireland and Great Britain”. Terrorism and Political Violence 29 (3): 464-482. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1049342
Marsden, Sarah V. 2015. “Conceptualising “Success” with Those Convicted of Terrorism Offences: Aims, Methods, and Barriers to Reintegration”. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 7 (2): 143-165. doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2014.1001421
Martin, Thomas. 2020. “The Radical Ambitions of Counter‐radicalization”. The British Journal of Sociology, November, 1468-4446.12796. doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12796
Mattsson, Christer. 2018. “Caught between the Urgent and the Comprehensible: Professionals’ Understanding of Violent Extremism”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 11 (1): 111-129. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2017.1337327
Mattsson, Christer. 2019. “Policing Violent Extremism: How the Global War on Terror Meandered Into Local Municipal Policies in Sweden”. SAGE Open 9 (1): 1-11. doi.org/10.1177/2158244019837462
Mattsson, Christer, Nils Hammarén, and Ylva Odenbring. 2016. “Youth “at Risk”: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the European Commission’s Radicalisation Awareness Network Collection of Approaches and Practices Used in Education”. Power and Education 8 (3): 251-265. doi.org/10.1177/1757743816677133
Mattsson, Christer, and Roger Säljö. 2018. “Violent Extremism, National Security and Prevention. Institutional Discourses and Their Implications for Schooling”. British Journal of Educational Studies 66 (1): 109-125. doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2017.1337870
McGlynn, Catherine, and Shaun McDaid. 2019. “Radicalisation and Higher Education: Students’ Understanding and Experiences”. Terrorism and Political Violence 31 (3): 559-576. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1258637
Muro, Diego. 2015. “Healing through Action? The Political Mobilization of Victims of Al Qaeda-Inspired Violence in Spain and the United Kingdom”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38 (6): 478-493. doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1005462
Neumann, Peter R. 2008. “Perspectives on Radicalisation and Political Violence: Papers from the First International Conference on Radicalisation and Political Violence’”. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, January: 1-62.
O’Donnell, Aislinn. 2016. “Securitisation, Counterterrorism and the Silencing of Dissent: The Educational Implications of Prevent”. British Journal of Educational Studies 64 (1): 53-76. doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2015.1121201
Onursal, Recep, and Daniel Kirkpatrick. 2019. “Is Extremism the “New” Terrorism? The Convergence of “Extremism” and “Terrorism” in British Parliamentary Discourse”. Terrorism and Political Violence, April: 1-23. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1598391
Parker, David, Lasse Lindekilde, and Oluf Gøtzsche‐Astrup. 2020. “Recognising and Responding to Radicalisation at the “Frontline”: Assessing the Capability of School Teachers to Recognise and Respond to Radicalisation”. British Educational Research Journal, September: berj.3677. doi.org/10.1002/berj.3677
Parker, David, Julia M. Pearce, Lasse Lindekilde, and M. Brooke Rogers. 2019. “Challenges for Effective Counterterrorism Communication: Practitioner Insights and Policy Implications for Preventing Radicalization, Disrupting Attack Planning, and Mitigating Terrorist Attacks”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 42 (3): 264-291. doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1373427
Pedersen, Willy, Viggo Vestel, and Anders Bakken. 2018. “At Risk for Radicalization and Jihadism? A Population-Based Study of Norwegian Adolescents”. Cooperation and Conflict 53 (1): 61-83. doi.org/10.1177/0010836717716721
Pettinger, Tom. 2020. “British Terrorism Preemption: Subjectivity and Disjuncture in Channel “de-Radicalization” Interventions”. The British Journal of Sociology, April. doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12754
Pettinger, Tom. 2021. “CTS and Normativity: The Essentials of Preemptive Counter-Terrorism Interventions”. In Bringing Normativity into Critical Terrorism Studies, edited by Alice Martini, 86-109. Abingdon: Routledge. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2019.1658412
Puigvert, Lídia, Emilia Aiello, Esther Oliver, and Mimar Ramis-Salas. 2020. “Grassroots Community Actors Leading the Way in the Prevention of Youth Violent Radicalization”. PLOS ONE 15 (10): e0239897. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239897
Qurashi, Fahid. 2018. “The Prevent Strategy and the UK “War on Terror”: Embedding Infrastructures of Surveillance in Muslim Communities”. Palgrave Communications 4 (1): 17. doi.org/10.1057/s41599-017-0061-9
Ragazzi, Francesco. 2016. “Suspect Community or Suspect Category? The Impact of Counter-Terrorism as Policed Multiculturalism”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 4 (5): 724-741. doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1121807
RAN. n.d. “Radicalisation Awareness Network”, https://acortar.link/x6acxJ
Richardson, Robin. 2015. “British Values and British Identity: Muddles, Mixtures, and Ways Ahead”. London Review of Education 13 (2): 37-48. doi.org/10.18546/LRE.13.2.04
Saberi, Parastou. 2019. “Preventing Radicalization in European Cities: An Urban Geopolitical Question”. Political Geography 74 (October): 102-139. doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102039
Schmid, Alexander. 2013. “Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation and Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review”. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague, ICCT Research Paper.
Schmidt, Rachel. 2020. “Duped: Examining Gender Stereotypes in Disengagement and Deradicalization Practices”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, February: 1-24. doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1711586
Schuurman, Bart, and Edwin Bakker. 2016. “Reintegrating Jihadist Extremists: Evaluating a Dutch Initiative, 2013–2014”. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 8 (1): 66-85. doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2015.1100648
Shanaah, Sadi. 2019. “Alienation or Cooperation? British Muslims’ Attitudes to and Engagement in Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Extremism”. Terrorism and Political Violence. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1663829
Silverman, Tanya. 2017. “U.K. Foreign Fighters to Syria and Iraq: The Need for a Real Community Engagment Approach”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 40 (12): 1091–1107. doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1253991
Sjøen, Martin M., and Sissel H. Jore. 2019. “Preventing Extremism through Education: Exploring Impacts and Implications of Counter-Radicalisation Efforts”. Journal of Beliefs & Values 40 (3): 269-283. doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2019.1600134
Sjøen, Martin M., and Christer Mattsson. 2020. “Preventing Radicalisation in Norwegian Schools: How Teachers Respond to Counter-Radicalisation Efforts”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 13 (2): 218-236. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2019.1693326
Skiple, Alida. 2020. “The Importance of Significant Others in Preventing Extremism: The Philosophy and Practice of the Swedish Tolerance Project”. YOUNG 28 (4): 422–38. doi.org/10.1177/1103308820914828
Skoczylis, Joshua, and Sam Andrews. 2020. “A Conceptual Critique of Prevent: Can Prevent Be Saved? No, But…”. Critical Social Policy 40 (3): 350-369. doi.org/10.1177/0261018319840145
Spalek, Basia, and Douglas Weeks. 2017. “The Role of Communities in Counterterrorism: Analyzing Policy and Exploring Psychotherapeutic Approaches within Community Settings”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 40 (12): 991-1003. doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1253985
Stanley, Tony. 2018. “The Relevance of Risk Work Theory to Practice: The Case of Statutory Social Work and the Risk of Radicalisation in the UK”. Health, Risk & Society 20 (1–2): 104-112. doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2018.1444739
Stanley, Tony, Surinder Guru and Vicki Coppock. 2017. “A Risky Time for Muslim Families: Professionalised Counter-Radicalisation Networks”. Journal of Social Work Practice 31 (4): 477-490. doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2017.1394829
Stephens, William, and Stijn Sieckelinck. 2020. “Being Resilient to Radicalisation in PVE Policy: A Critical Examination”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 13 (1): 142-165. doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2019.1658415
Stephens, William, Stijn Sieckelinck and Hans Boutellier. 2019. “Preventing Violent Extremism: A Review of the Literature”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, January: 1-16. doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1543144
Szczepek Reed, Beatrice, Ian Davies, Fatma Said, Géraldine Bengsch, and Jayme Sally. 2020. “Arabic Schools and the Promotion of Fundamental British Values: A Community’s Ambitions for Consensual Diversity”. British Journal of Educational Studies, January: 1-19. doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2020.1713297
Taylor, Joel David. 2020. “Suspect Categories,” Alienation and Counterterrorism: Critically Assessing PREVENT in the UK”. Terrorism and Political Violence 32 (4): 851-873. doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1415889
Thomas, Paul. 2009. “Between Two Stools? The Government’s “Preventing Violent Extremism” Agenda”. The Political Quarterly 80 (2): 282-291. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2009.01985.x
Thomas, Paul. 2010. “Failed and Friendless: The UK’s “Preventing Violent Extremism” Programme”. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 12 (3): 442-458. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2010.00422.x
Thomas, Paul. 2017. “Changing Experiences of Responsibilisation and Contestation within Counter-Terrorism Policies: The British Prevent Experience”. Policy & Politics 45 (3): 305-321. doi.org/10.1332/030557317X14943145195580
Thornton, Amy, and Noémie Bouhana. 2019. “Preventing Radicalization in the UK: Expanding the Knowledge-Base on the Channel Programme”. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 13 (3): 331-344. doi.org/10.1093/police/pax036
Trujillo, Humberto M., Javier Jordán, Jose Antonio Gutiérrez, and Joaquín González-Cabrera. 2009. “Radicalization in Prisons? Field Research in 25 Spanish Prisons”. Terrorism and Political Violence 21 (4): 558-579. doi.org/10.1080/09546550903153134
Weert, Annemarie van de, and Quirine A.M. Eijkman. 2019. “Subjectivity in Detection of Radicalisation and Violent Extremism: A Youth Worker’s Perspective”. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 11 (3): 191-214. doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2018.1457069
Weert, Annemarie van de, and Quirine A.M. Eijkman. 2020. “Early Detection of Extremism? The Local Security Professional on Assessment of Potential Threats Posed by Youth”. Crime, Law and Social Change 73 (5): 491-507. doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09877-y
Weine, Stevan, David P. Eisenman, Janni Kinsler, Deborah C. Glik, and Chloe Polutnik. 2017. “Addressing Violent Extremism as Public Health Policy and Practice”. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 9 (3): 208-221. doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2016.1198413
Winterbotham, Emily, and Elizabeth Pearson. 2016. “Different Cities, Shared Stories: A Five-Country Study Challenging Assumptions Around Muslim Women and CVE Interventions”. The RUSI Journal 161 (5): 54-65. doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2016.1253377
Younis, Tarek. 2020. “The Psychologisation of Counter-Extremism: Unpacking PREVENT”. Race & Class, September. doi.org/10.1177/0306396820951055
Zick, Andreas, Wilhelm Berghan, and Nico Mokros. 2020. “Jung, feindselig, rechts!? Menschenfeindliche, rechtspopulistische und -extreme Orientierungen im intergenerativen Vergleich”. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft 23 (6): 1149-1178. doi.org/10.1007/s11618-020-00975-5